epidemiology and etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus - Type 1 diabetes indicate around 10% of all cases of diabetes mellitus. It was affecting about 20 million people worldwide (American Diabetes Association - ADA, 2001).
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| epidemilogy and setiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus |
Although type 1 diabetes mellitus affects all age category, the majority of individuals are identified either at around the age of four to five years or in their teens and early adulthood (Blood et al., 1975). The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing. Across Europe, the average annual rise in the incidence rate in children under 15 years is 3.4% (EURODIABACE Study Group, 2000), with the abrupt increase in those under five years old (Karvonen et al., 1999). Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the result of an autoimmune response to proteins of the islets cells of the pancreas (Holt, 2004). There is a solid connection between insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and another endocrine autoimmunity (for instance, Addison disease) and an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases are visible in family members of IDDM patients.
The 3 types of auto-antibodies notable are:
1) Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies (ICCA)
The main antibodies found in 90% of type 1 diabetics are against the protein of islet cell cytoplasmic. The existence of ICCA is a highly appropriate predictor of future expansion of IDDM.
2) Islet cell surface antibodies (ICSA)
Auto-antibodies pointed against islets cell surface antigens (ICSA) have also been represented in as many as 80% of type 1 diabetics. Several individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have been diagnosed, which are ICSA positive.
3). Islet cells specific antigenic targets
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been found in over 80% of patients newly diagnosed with IDDM. Anti-GAD antibodies weaken over time in type 1 diabetics. The appearance of anti-GAD antibodies is an accurate predictor of the future development of IDDM in high-risk populations. Anti-insulin antibodies (IAAs) have been identified in IDDM patients and in their relatives at risk to developing IDDM disease. These IAAs can be discovered even before the onset of insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. IAA is findable in around 40% of young children with IDDM (Raju and Raju, 2010).
source:
The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus by Ozougwu, J. C., Obimba, K. C., Belonwu, C. D., and Unakalamba, C. B.
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